需要特别留意下,apache的配置是有顺序关系的,以下为先后:

1. <Directory> (except regular expressions) and .htaccess done simultaneously (with .htaccess, if allowed, overriding <Directory>)
2. <DirectoryMatch> (and <Directory ~>)
3. <Files> and <FilesMatch> done simultaneously
4. <Location> and <LocationMatch> done simultaneously

举个例子,执行顺序是 A > B > C > D > E

<Location />
E
</Location>

<Files f.html>
D
</Files>

<VirtualHost *>
<Directory /a/b>
B
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>

<DirectoryMatch “^.*b/”>
C
</DirectoryMatch>

<Directory /a/b>
A
</Directory>

一个危险的示例,在这个例子里边,其实deny 不生效,因为被后生效的 location 配置覆盖了

<Location />
Order deny,allow
Allow from all
</Location>

# Woops! This <Directory> section will have no effect
<Directory />
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
Deny from badguy.example.com
</Directory>

参考文档: http://www.who.int/manual/sections.html#mergin

1. 通常批量处理的时候会遇到ip down的问题,会等待非常久,可以加个超时
ssh -o ConnectTimeout=3

2. 如果要在远端机器使用变量怎么办? 因为变量会在本地机器被默认解析, 比如awk的$1, 所以可以加个反斜杠\
ssh -o ConnectTimeout=3 $IP " cat filelist |awk '{print \$1}' "

3. 如果要把远端运行结果赋值给某个变量怎么办?,因为执行的命令也会在本地机器被默认解析,所以也需要加个反斜杠\
ssh $IP “df_data= \`df\`; echo \$df_data ”

4. 另外,如果是逐个IP批处理,很容易遇到执行一个就退出的情况,需要加个n
ssh -n $IP

rp_filter, reverse-path filtering，反向过滤技术，系统在接收到一个IP包后，检查该IP是不是合乎要求，不合要求的IP包会被系统丢弃。该技术就称为rp filter。怎么样的包才算不合要求呢？例如，用户在A网口上收到一个IP包，检查其IP为B。然后考查：对于B这个IP，在发送时应该用哪个网口，“如果在不应该接收到该包的网口上接收到该IP包，则认为该IP包是hacker行为”。

例如：

A: 192.168.8.100

B: (IGMP Query) 10.0.0.1 来自路由器

查找路由表

网卡1为默认路由: 172.17.5.100 172.17.5.1

网卡2 192.168.8.100 192.168.8.1

系统根据路由表，认为10.0.0.1这个IP应该在第一个网卡172.17.5.100上收到，现实的情况是在第二张网卡192.168.8.100上收到了。认为这是不合理的，丢弃该包。致命的问题的，该包是来自路由器的IGMP Query包。

The rp_filter can reject incoming packets if their source address doesn’t match the network interface that they’re arriving on, which helps to prevent IP spoofing. Turning this on, however, has its consequences: If your host has several IP addresses on different interfaces, or if your single interface has multiple IP addresses on it, you’ll find that your kernel may end up rejecting valid traffic. It’s also important to note that even if you do not enable the rp_filter, protection against broadcast spoofing is always on. Also, the protection it provides is only against spoofed internal addresses; external addresses can still be spoofed.. By default, it is disabled.

rp_filter参数在升级到RHEL6之后的版本后出现了比较大的改变,我们看下内核参数解析

在RHEL5的时候这个内核参数的含义:

/usr/share/doc/kernel-doc-2.6.18/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt

rp_filter - BOOLEAN
        1 - do source validation by reversed path, as specified in RFC1812
            Recommended option for single homed hosts and stub network
            routers. Could cause troubles for complicated (not loop free)
            networks running a slow unreliable protocol (sort of RIP),
            or using static routes.

        0 - No source validation.

        conf/all/rp_filter must also be set to TRUE to do source validation
        on the interface

        Default value is 0. Note that some distributions enable it
        in startup scripts.

在RHEL6 RHEL7之后这个内核参数的含义:

/usr/share/doc/kernel-doc-2.6.32/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt

rp_filter - INTEGER
        0 - No source validation.
        1 - Strict mode as defined in RFC3704 Strict Reverse Path 
            Each incoming packet is tested against the FIB and if the interface
            is not the best reverse path the packet check will fail.
            By default failed packets are discarded.
        2 - Loose mode as defined in RFC3704 Loose Reverse Path 
            Each incoming packet's source address is also tested against the FIB
            and if the source address is not reachable via any interface
            the packet check will fail.

        Current recommended practice in RFC3704 is to enable strict mode 
        to prevent IP spoofing from DDos attacks. If using asymmetric routing
        or other complicated routing, then loose mode is recommended.

        The max value from conf/{all,interface}/rp_filter is used 
        when doing source validation on the {interface}.

        Default value is 0. Note that some distributions enable it
        in startup scripts.

所以如果需要和RHEL5的行为保持一致,应该设置

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 2
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 2

否则在多IP/多网卡/多网段的时候,会出现非预期的丢弃数据包的问题
具体可以参考:
redhat 官方文档: https://access.redhat.com/solutions/53031
案例分析: http://www.cnblogs.com/huazi/archive/2013/02/25/2932021.html